James Tanner Amphitheater in Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia

Tucked within the rolling landscape of Arlington National Cemetery, the James R. Tanner Amphitheater—also known as the Old Amphitheater or first amphitheater—is one of the cemetery’s most historically significant yet often overlooked landmarks. This stone structure stands as the historic site of the first Memorial Day (originally called Decoration Day) ceremony held on these grounds, making it a foundational piece of national remembrance in the United States.

Often referred to as the James Tanner Amphitheater or James R. Tanner Amphitheater, it predates the nearby Memorial Amphitheater (the “new amphitheater”) and was once the central gathering place for early Memorial Day ceremonies honoring Union soldiers and Civil War veterans who gave their lives in service of their country.

The amphitheater is named in honor of James R. Tanner, a Union Army veteran who suffered a gruesome wound at the Second Battle of Bull Run, losing both legs. Despite this, Tanner went on to become a wounded warrior, government official, and prominent advocate for veterans. He also played a role in the aftermath of the trial of the Lincoln conspirators and later served as commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, a powerful organization of Union Army veterans.

The site itself is deeply tied to the origins of national remembrance. The first large-scale Decoration Day observances here were organized under the leadership of John A. Logan, commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, who helped establish what would become Memorial Day traditions across the country.

The amphitheater was constructed under the direction of Montgomery C. Meigs, the U.S. Army Quartermaster General who also helped transform the former Arlington House estate—once home to Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Randolph Custis—into Arlington National Cemetery. His vision ensured the grounds would forever honor Union troops and later all service members.

By the early 1900s, as crowds grew and national ceremonies expanded—especially following conflicts like the Spanish-American War and early World War commemorations—the cemetery required a larger venue. This led to the construction of the nearby Memorial Amphitheater, shifting major events away from the Tanner Amphitheater.

The Old Amphitheater features a simple but elegant design, reflecting its origins in the late 19th century. Highlights include:

• A circular gathering space framed by brick piers and tan columns
• A surrounding elliptical stone walkway and landscaped seating area
• Remnants of a wooden trellis that once provided shade
• Distinctive ambulatory piers and a modest stage area

Its understated architecture contrasts with the grand scale of the newer amphitheater, yet its intimacy creates a powerful connection to the past. The setting, with views stretching toward the Potomac River, enhances its peaceful and reflective atmosphere.

The amphitheater has undergone a multi-year restoration of Tanner Amphitheater, led in part by the National Park Service’s Historic Preservation Training Center. This effort preserved the historic stonework, brick structures, and layout while ensuring the site remains accessible for future generations.

Organizations like the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War have also played a role in maintaining awareness of the site’s importance, helping honor the legacy of Union Army veterans and early Memorial Day traditions.